Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 32 to 41. Plants and animals will find it difficult to escape from or adjust to the effects of global warming. Scientists have already observed shifts in the lifecycles of many plants and animals, such as flowers blooming earlier and birds hatching earlier in the spring. Many species have begun shifting where they live or their annual migration patterns due to warmer temperatures. With further warming, animals will tend to migrate to ward the poles and up mountainsides toward higher elevations. Plants will also attempt to shift their ranges, seeking new areas as old habitats grow too warm. In many places, however, human development will prevent these shifts. Species that find cities or farmland blocking their way north or south may become extinct. Species living in unique ecosystems, such as those found in polar and mountaintop regions, are especially at risk because migration to new habitats is not possible. For example, polar bears and marine mammals in the Arctic are already threatened by dwindling sea ice but have nowhere farther north to go. Projecting species extinction due to global warming is extremely difficult. Some scientists have estimated that 20 to 50 percent of species could be committed to extinction with 2 to 3 Celsius degrees of further warming. The rate of warming, not just the magnitude, is extremely important for plants and animals. Some species and even entire ecosystems, such as certain types of forest, may not be able to adjust quickly enough and may disappear. Ocean ecosystems, especially fragile ones like coral reefs, will also be affected by global warming. Warmer ocean temperatures can cause coral to “bleach”, a state which if prolonged will lead to the death of the coral. Scientists estimate that even 1 Celsius degree of additional warming could lead to widespread bleaching and death of coral reefs around the world. Also, increasing carbon dioxide in the atmosphere enters the ocean and increases the acidity of ocean waters. This acidification further stresses ocean ecosystems. From "Global Warming" by Michael Mastrandrea an d Stephen H. Schneider Scientists have observed that warmer temperatures in the spring cause flowers to ______. A. bloom earlier B. die instantly C. become lighter D. lose color Câu 2: According to paragraph 2, when their habitats grow warmer, animals tend to move ______. A. toward the North Pole and down mountainsides toward lower elevations B. toward the poles and up mountainsides toward higher elevations C. south-eastwards and down mountainsides toward lower elevations D. north-westwards and up mountainsides toward higher elevations Câu 3: The pronoun “those” in paragraph 2 refers to ______. A. areas B. habitats C. species D. ecosystems Câu 4: The phrase “dwindling sea ice” in paragraph 2 refers to ______. A. the cold ice in the Arctic B. the violent Arctic Ocean C. the melting ice in the Arctic D. the frozen water in the Arctic Câu 5: It is mentioned in the passage that if the global temperature rose by 2 or 3 Celsius degrees, ______. A. half of the earth’s surface would be flooded B. water supply would decrease by 50 percent C. the sea level would rise by 20 centimeters D. 20 to 50 percent of species could become extinct Câu 6: According to the passage, if some species are not able to adjust quickly to warmer temperatures, ______. A. they will certainly need water B. they can begin to develop C. they may be endangered D. they move to tropical forests Câu 7: The word “fragile” in paragraph 4 most probably means ______. A. pretty hard B. easily damaged C. rather strong D. very large Câu 8: The bleaching of coral reefs as mentioned in paragraph 4 indicates ______. A. the slow death of coral reefs B. the blooming phase of sea weeds C. the quick growth of marine mammals D. the water absorption of coral reefs Câu 9: The level of acidity in the ocean is increased by ______. A. the loss of acidity in the atmosphere around the earth B. the decrease of acidity of the pole waters C. the extinction of species in coastal areas D. the rising amount of carbon dioxide entering the ocean Câu 10: What does the passage mainly discuss? A. Global warming and possible solutions B. Global warming and species migration C. Influence of climate changes on human lifestyles D. Effects of global warming on animals and plants